Myelin enhancement of Multiple sclerosis model with gold nanoparticles into the corpus callosum

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Objective(s): With no substantial cost, we injected L-arginine into the rat’s corpus callosum (CC) to create animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) and investigated the pre-injection effect of gold nanoparticles (GNPs).
Materials and Methods: Adult male Wistar rat (250-300 g) was surgically cannulated at the CC, and after recovery it was injected L-arginine (3-200 µg/rat, intra-CC) once daily for 3 to 5 consecutive days. GNPs (0.001-0.01 µg/rat, intra-CC) were injected alone or prior to the L-arginine using the same procedure. Control group solely received saline (1 µL/rat, intra-CC). Brain was studied with luxol fast blue. Weight change was also analyzed via the analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results: L-arginine significantly induced (p< 0.05) a reduction in the fiber density while the neurons increased (p< 0.05). Single GNPs reduced (p< 0.05) the fiber and neuron densities; however, pre-injection of NPs caused myelinated fibers and uniform density of neurons.
Conclusion: The L-arginine may trigger demyelination by pro-inflammatory nitric oxide (NO), and the GNPs may improve this effect.

Keywords


1.Ignarro LJ. Wei Lun Visiting Professorial Lecture: Nitric oxide in the regulation of vascular function: an historical overview. J Card Surg. 2001; 17(4): 301-306.
2.Bicker G. Nitric oxide: an unconventional messenger in the nervous system of an orthopteroid insect. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol.: Published in Collaboration with the Entomological Society of America. 2001; 48(2): 100-110.
3.Nathan C, Xie QW. Regulation of biosynthesis of nitric oxide. J Biol Chem. 1994; 269(19): 13725-13728.
4.Hill KE, Zollinger LV, Watt HE, Carlson NG, Rose JW. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in chronic active multiple sclerosis plaques: distribution, cellular expression and association with myelin damage. J Neuroimmunol. 2004; 1; 151(1-2): 171-179.
5.Calabrese V, Scapagnini G, Ravagna A, Bella R, Foresti R, Bates TE, Giuffrida Stella AM, Pennisi G. Nitric oxide synthase is present in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with active multiple sclerosis and is associated with increases in cerebrospinal fluid protein nitrotyrosine and S‐nitrosothiols and with changes in glutathione levels. J Neurosci Res. 2002; 70(4): 580-587.
6.Zambonin JL, Zhao C, Ohno N, Campbell GR, Engeham S, Ziabreva I, Schwarz N, Lee SE, Frischer JM, Turnbull DM, Trapp BD. Increased mitochondrial content in remyelinated axons: implications for multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2011; 134(7): 1901-1913.
7.Andrews HE, Nichols PP, Bates D, Turnbull DM. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in progressive axonal loss in Multiple Sclerosis. Med Hypotheses. 2005; 64(4): 669-677.
8.Mahad D, Lassmann H, Turnbull D. Mitochondria and disease progression in multiple sclerosis. NeuropathAppl Neurobiol. 2008; 34(6): 577-589.
9.Kipp M, Nyamoya S, Hochstrasser T, Amor S. Multiple sclerosis animal models: a clinical and histopathological perspective. Brain Pathol. 2017; 27(2): 123-137.
10.Curtis C, Zhang M, Liao R, Wood T, Nance E. Systems‐level thinking for nanoparticle‐mediated therapeutic delivery to neurological diseases. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2017; 9(2): e1422.
11.Shan J, Tenhu H. Recent advances in polymer protected gold nanoparticles: synthesis, properties and applications. Chem Comm. 2007; (44): 4580-4598.
12.Hornos Carneiro MF, Barbosa JrF. Gold nanoparticles: A critical review of therapeutic applications and toxicological aspects. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2016; 19: 129-148.
13.Sahni JK, Doggui S, Ali J, Baboota S, Dao L, Ramassamy C. Neurotherapeutic applications of nanoparticles in Alzheimer’s disease. J Control Release. 2011; 152: 208-231.
14.Jeon KI, Byun MS, Jue DM. Gold compound auranofin inhibits IkappaB kinase (IKK) by modifying Cys-179 of IKKbeta subunit. Exp Mol Med. 2003; 35: 61-66.
15.Norton S. A brief history of potable gold. Mol Interv. 2008; 8(3): 120.
16.Kouhsar SS, Karami M, Tafreshi AP, Roghani M, Nadoushan MR. Microinjection of l-arginine into corpus callosum cause reduction in myelin concentration and neuroinflammation. Brain Res. 2011; 1392: 93-100.
17.Paxinos GP, Watson C. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Academic Press, 2007.
18.Tang X, Lan M, Zhang M, Yao Z. Effect of nitric oxide to axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis via down regulating monocarboxylate transporter 1 in oligodendrocytes. Nitric Oxide 2017; 67: 75-80.
19.Milo R, Panitch H. Combination therapy in multiple sclerosis. JNeuroimmunol. 2011; 231(1-2): 23-31.
20.Dolati S, Babaloo Z, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Ayromlou H, Sadreddini S, Yousefi M. Multiple sclerosis: Therapeutic applications of advancing drug delivery systems. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017; 86: 343-353.
21.Liu Z, Li W, Wang F, Sun C, Wang L, Wang J, Sun F. Enhancement of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and interleukin-6 production by PEGylated gold nanoparticles in RAW264. 7 cells. Nanoscale. 2012; 4(22): 7135-7142.
22.Jeon KI, Byun MS, Jue DM. Gold compound auranofin inhibits IκB kinase (IKK) by modifying Cys-179 of IKKβ subunit. Exp Mol Med. 2003; 35(2): 61.
23.Tsai CY, Shiau AL, Chen SY, Chen YH, Cheng PC, Chang MY, Chen DH, Chou CH, Wang CR, Wu CL. Amelioration of collagen‐induced arthritis in rats by nanogold. Arthritis Rheum. 2007; 56(2): 544-554.
24.Pedersen MQ, Larsen A, Pedersen DS, Stoltenberg M, Penkowa M. Metallic gold reduces TNFα expression, oxidative DNA damage and pro-apoptotic signals after experimental brain injury. Brain Res. 2009; 1271: 103-113.
25.Paula MM, Petronilho F, Vuolo F, Ferreira GK, De Costa L, Santos GP, Effting PS. Gold nanoparticles and/or N- acetylcysteine mediate carrageenan-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in a concentration-dependent manner. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2015; 103: 3323-3330.
26.Victor EG, Silveira PC, Possato JC, da Rosa GL, Munari UB, de Souza CT, Pinho RA. Pulsed ultrasound associated with gold nanoparticle gel reduces oxidative stress parameters and expression of pro-inflammatory molecules in an animal model of muscle injury. J Nanobiotechnol. 2012; 10: 11.
27.Hutter E, Boridy S, Labrecque S, Lalancette-Hébert M, Kriz J, Winnik FM, Maysinger D. Microglial response to gold nanoparticles. ACS Nano. 2010; 4(5): 2595-2606.
28.Muller AP, Ferreira GK, Pires AJ, de Bem Silveira G, de Souza DL, de Abreu Brandolfi J, de Souza CT, Paula MM, Silveira PC. Gold nanoparticles prevent cognitive deficits, oxidative stress and inflammation in a rat model of sporadic dementia of Alzheimer’s type. Mate Sci Eng C. 2017; 77: 476-483.
29.Yeste A, Nadeau M, Burns EJ, Weiner HL, Quintana FJ. Nanoparticle-mediated codelivery of myelin antigen and a tolerogenic small molecule suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2012; 109(28): 11270-11275.
30.Leu JG, Chen SA, Chen HM, Wu WM, Hung CF, Yao YD, Tu CS, Liang YJ. The effects of gold nanoparticles in wound healing with antioxidant epigallocatechin gallate and α-lipoic acid. Nanomedicine. 2012; 8(5): 767-775.
31.Bonoiu A, Mahajan SD, Ye L, Kumar R, Ding H, Yong KT, Roy I, Aalinkeel R, Nair B, Reynolds JL, Sykes DE. MMP-9 gene silencing by a quantum dot–siRNA nanoplex delivery to maintain the integrity of the blood brain barrier. Brain Res. 2009; 1282: 142-155.
32.Chaturvedi M, Figiel I, Sreedhar B, Kaczmarek L. Neuroprotection from tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and its nanoparticles. Neurochem Int. 2012; 61(7): 1065-1071.
33.Tsai S, Shameli A, Yamanouchi J, Clemente-Casares X, Wang J, Serra P, Yang Y, Medarova Z, Moore A, Santamaria P. Reversal of autoimmunity by boosting memory-like autoregulatory T cells. Immunity. 2010; 32(4): 568-580.
34.Heckman KL, DeCoteau W, Estevez A, Reed KJ, Costanzo W, Sanford D, Leiter JC, Clauss J, Knapp K, Gomez C, Mullen P. Custom cerium oxide nanoparticles protect against a free radical mediated autoimmune degenerative disease in the brain. ACS Nano. 2013; 7(12): 10582-10596.
35.Dugan LL, Turetsky DM, Du C, Lobner D, Wheeler M, Almli CR, Shen CK, Luh TY, Choi DW, Lin TS. Carboxyfullerenes as neuroprotective agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1997; 94(17): 9434-9439.
36.Millward JM, Schnorr J, Taupitz M, Wagner S, Wuerfel JT, Infante-Duarte C. Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles highlight early involvement of the choroid plexus in central nervous system inflammation. ASN Neuro. 2012; 5(2): e00110.
37.Garay L, Deniselle MC, Lima A, Roig P, De Nicola AF. Effects of progesterone in the spinal cord of a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007; 107(3-5): 228-237.