<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
			<journal>
			<title>Nanomedicine Journal</title>
			<title_fa></title_fa>
			<short_title>Nanomed J</short_title>
			<subject>Medical Sciences</subject>
			<web_url>https://nmj.mums.ac.ir/</web_url>
			<journal_hbi_system_id>0</journal_hbi_system_id>
			<journal_hbi_system_user></journal_hbi_system_user>
			<journal_id_issn>2322-3049</journal_id_issn>
			<journal_id_issn_online>2322-5904</journal_id_issn_online>
			<journal_id_pii></journal_id_pii>
			<journal_id_doi></journal_id_doi>
			<journal_id_iranmedex></journal_id_iranmedex>
			<journal_id_magiran></journal_id_magiran>
			<journal_id_sid></journal_id_sid>
			<journal_id_nlai></journal_id_nlai>
			<journal_id_science></journal_id_science>
			<language>en</language>
			<pubdate>
				<type>jalali</type>
				<year>0</year>
				<month>0</month>
				<day>1</day>
			</pubdate>
			<pubdate>
				<type>gregorian</type>
				<year>2026</year>
				<month>1</month>
				<day>1</day>
			</pubdate>
			<volume>13</volume>
			<number>1</number>
			<publish_type>online</publish_type>
			<publish_edition>1</publish_edition>
			<article_type>fulltext</article_type>
			<articleset><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>Green Arbutin-Chitosan Nanoparticles gel as an Eco-Friendly and Promising Product for Skin Lightening: In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa>مقاله پژوهشی</content_type_fa>
				<content_type>Research Paper</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Objective(s): In the present study, a cross-linking gelation method combined with ultrasound was employed to create arbutin (ARB)-incorporated chitosan (CHT) nanoparticles (NPs). This approach aims to enhance cutaneous absorption and improve anti-melanogenesis effects.Material and Methods: Environmentally-friendly preparation of NP, monitoring NP features, checking structure, animal safety application, cellular viability, and inhibitory assessment on melanin creation were performed.Results: The results showed that increasing the volume ratio of chitosan (CHT) to tripolyphosphate (TPP) from 10:1.25 to 10:5 resulted in a reduction of particle size from 1097.133 ± 28.655 nm to 215.666 ± 5.976 nm. Moreover, this CHT/TPP volume ratio increase from 10:1.25 to 10:5 enhanced the encapsulation efficiency, from 55.084 ± 4.283% to 97.151 ± 0.066%. Assessment of cutaneous absorption revealed that the ARB-CHT-NP gel delivered significantly more arbutin (ARB) to both the cutaneous layers (46.168 ± 3.313% or 810.094 ± 58.147 μg/cm²) and the receiver compartment (34.155 ± 2.699% or 599.314 ± 47.371 μg/cm²) compared to the ARB plain gel. In vitro cytotoxicity testing demonstrated that, in the presence of the optimal formulation, a higher percentage of cell survival was observed in the HFF cell line compared to kojic acid and ARB. Additionally, the ARB-CHT-NP gel exhibited greater cytotoxicity in the B16F10 cell line compared to the other groups. A cutaneous itching assay on Wistar rats showed no signs of sensitivity to the ARB-CHT-NP gel. Furthermore, ARB-CHT-NP inhibited melanogenesis more effectively than kojic acid and ARB. L-dopa auto-oxidation was also significantly inhibited by ARB-CHT-NP (56.971 ± 1.265%) compared to kojic acid (46.141 ± 1.169%) and ARB (41.308 ± 1.967%).Conclusion: Based on the results, the ARB-CHT-NP could serve as a prospective nanocarrier for ARB cutaneous application. Therefore, it is recommended that its use for treating melasma be considered.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Arbutin, Chitosan, Nanoparticle, anti-melanogenesis, Environmentally preparation</keyword>
				<start_page>224</start_page>
				<end_page>237</end_page>
				<web_url>https://nmj.mums.ac.ir/article_26068.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Mahmoud</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Omidi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>m.omid1364@gmail.com</email>
				<code>114460</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran|Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Majid</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Saeedi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>majsaeedi@gmail.com</email>
				<code>114461</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Mohammad Amin</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Zahiri</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>mohammadamin.z1378@gmail.com</email>
				<code>114462</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Saeed</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Azimi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>saeed.azimi92.sa@gmail.com</email>
				<code>114463</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran|Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Esmaeil</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Mohammadian</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>e.mohamadyan1390@gmail.com</email>
				<code>114464</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran|Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Seyyed Mohammad Hassan</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Hashemi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>smhhashemipharma@gmail.com</email>
				<code>114465</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran|Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article>
			</articleset>
			</journal>