<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
			<journal>
			<title>Nanomedicine Journal</title>
			<title_fa></title_fa>
			<short_title>Nanomed J</short_title>
			<subject>Medical Sciences</subject>
			<web_url>https://nmj.mums.ac.ir/</web_url>
			<journal_hbi_system_id>0</journal_hbi_system_id>
			<journal_hbi_system_user></journal_hbi_system_user>
			<journal_id_issn>2322-3049</journal_id_issn>
			<journal_id_issn_online>2322-5904</journal_id_issn_online>
			<journal_id_pii></journal_id_pii>
			<journal_id_doi></journal_id_doi>
			<journal_id_iranmedex></journal_id_iranmedex>
			<journal_id_magiran></journal_id_magiran>
			<journal_id_sid></journal_id_sid>
			<journal_id_nlai></journal_id_nlai>
			<journal_id_science></journal_id_science>
			<language>en</language>
			<pubdate>
				<type>jalali</type>
				<year>0</year>
				<month>0</month>
				<day>1</day>
			</pubdate>
			<pubdate>
				<type>gregorian</type>
				<year>2026</year>
				<month>4</month>
				<day>1</day>
			</pubdate>
			<volume>13</volume>
			<number>2</number>
			<publish_type>online</publish_type>
			<publish_edition>1</publish_edition>
			<article_type>fulltext</article_type>
			<articleset><article>
				<language>en</language>
				<article_id_issn></article_id_issn>
				<article_id_issn_online></article_id_issn_online>
				<article_id_pubmed></article_id_pubmed>
				<article_id_pii></article_id_pii>
				<article_id_doi></article_id_doi>
				<article_id_iranmedex></article_id_iranmedex>
				<article_id_magiran></article_id_magiran>
				<article_id_sid></article_id_sid>
				<title_fa></title_fa>
				<title>Comparative evaluation of cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses induced by free and eugenol-loaded titanium dioxide nanoparticles following intraperitoneal injection in mouse</title>
				<subject_fa></subject_fa>
				<subject></subject>
				<content_type_fa>مقاله پژوهشی</content_type_fa>
				<content_type>Research Paper</content_type>
				<abstract_fa><![CDATA[]]></abstract_fa>
				<abstract><![CDATA[Objective(s): Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs), which are widely used in food and consumer products, have been associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory toxicity. Eugenol, a naturally occurring phenolic compound with well-established anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, may exert protective effects when delivered through nanocarriers.Materials and Methods: TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized via a co-precipitation method and subsequently functionalized with eugenol (TiO₂@eugenol). FTIR, XRD, DLS, zeta potential analysis, FE-SEM, and TEM were used to characterize the nanoparticles. Thirty-six BALB/cJ mice were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 6 per group). They received intraperitoneal injections of free eugenol, TiO₂ nanoparticles, or TiO₂@eugenol at low (50 mg/kg) or high (200 mg/kg) doses for 14 days. Following the treatment period, serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured using ELISA; hepatic caspase-3/7 activity was assessed; and histological examinations of the liver, kidney, and spleen were performed. Gene expression of antioxidant markers (SOD3, GR, GPx) in liver tissue was evaluated by qRT-PCR.Results: TiO₂ NPs significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and hepatic caspase-3/7 activity. They also induced necrosis and inflammatory alterations in the liver, kidney, and spleen. In contrast, TiO₂@eugenol markedly suppressed cytokine release and apoptotic activity while preserving tissue architecture. qRT-PCR analysis showed that TiO₂ NPs downregulated antioxidant-related genes, whereas TiO₂@eugenol significantly upregulated their expression, indicating improved redox homeostasis.Conclusion: Eugenol functionalization improved the biocompatibility profile of TiO₂ NPs and provided substantial protection against TiO₂-induced toxicity by attenuating inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress while restoring antioxidant defenses. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of eugenol-loaded TiO₂ nanoparticles and support further investigation in extended exposure models and disease-specific applications.]]></abstract>
				<keyword_fa></keyword_fa>
				<keyword>Titanium dioxide, NPs, Eugenol, Inflammation, Cytotoxicity</keyword>
				<start_page>356</start_page>
				<end_page>370</end_page>
				<web_url>https://nmj.mums.ac.ir/article_27218.html</web_url>
			<author_list><author>
				<first_name>Farazdaq Nazar</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Al-Naffakh</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>farazdaqalnafakh@gmail.com</email>
				<code>119523</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Somayeh</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Reiisi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>s.reiisi@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>119524</code>
				<coreauthor>Yes</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Norolhoda</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Khalighi</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>norolhoda.khalighi@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>119525</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author><author>
				<first_name>Elham</first_name>
				<middle_name></middle_name>
				<last_name>Moghtadaei Khorasgani</last_name>
				<suffix></suffix>
				<first_name_fa></first_name_fa>
				<middle_name_fa></middle_name_fa>
				<last_name_fa></last_name_fa>
				<suffix_fa></suffix_fa>
				<email>moghtadaei_e@yahoo.com</email>
				<code>119526</code>
				<coreauthor>No</coreauthor>
				<affiliation>Department of Pathobiology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran</affiliation>
				<affiliation_fa></affiliation_fa>
				 </author></author_list>
				</article>
			</articleset>
			</journal>