Role of Rubia tinctorum in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and apoptosis induction in breast cancer cell line

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

2 Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

3 Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Objective(s): Nowadays, nanotechnology has offered great success in resolving concerns in cancer therapy and created a new interdisciplinary field of study incorporating various sciences, such as biology, chemistry and medicine. Apoptosis is a conserved and controlled strategy in regulating cellular growth and proliferation, as well as preserving development and general homeostasis of the body. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are the most important and widely used nanoparticles. This study aimed to evaluate the apoptosis-inducing properties of the synthesized ZnO-NPs by aqueous extract of Rubia tinctorum against the MCF7 breast cancer cell line.
Materials and Methods: Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Rubia tinctorum extract and characterized by some methods including dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Apoptosis was measured by the Hoechst and Acridine-Orange/Propodium Iodide staining, as well as flow cytometry.
Results: The results of this study showed that the particle size of biosynthesized ZnO-NPs using R.tinctorum extract was about 40 nm and had a spherical morphology. The obtain results of the Hoechst and Acridine-Orange/Propodium Iodide staining, as well as flow cytometry showed that biosynthesized ZnO-NPs effectively and dose-dependently induced apoptosis in the MCF7 breast cancer cells.
Conclusion: Therefore, the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs by watery extract of R. tinctorum can be used in the treatment of many diseases, including cancers.

Keywords


1.Hamidi A, Yazdi MET, Amiri MS, Hosseini HA, Darroudi M. Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles in Tribulus terrestris L. extract and evaluation of their photocatalyst, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity effects. Res Chem Intermed. 2019; 45(5): 2915-2925.
2.Yazdi MET, Khara J, Sadeghnia HR, Bahabadi SE, Darroudi M. Biosynthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using Rheum turkestanicum shoots extract. . Res Chem Intermed. 2018; 44(2): 1325-1334.
3.Taghavizadeh Yazdi ME, Hamidi A, Amiri MS, Kazemi Oskuee R, Hosseini HA, Hashemzadeh A, et al. Eco-friendly and plant-based synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Allium giganteum and investigation of its bactericidal, cytotoxicity, and photocatalytic effects. Mater Technol. 2019; 34(8): 490-497.
4.Yazdi MET, Khara J, Housaindokht MR, Sadeghnia HR, Bahabadi SE, Amiri MS. Role of Ribes khorassanicum in the biosynthesis of AgNPs and their antibacterial properties. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2018; 13(2): 189-192.
5.Zarei M, Karimi E, Oskoueian E, Es-Haghi A, Yazdi MET. Comparative Study on the Biological Effects of Sodium Citrate-Based and Apigenin-Based Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles. Nutr Cancer. 2020: 1-9.
6.Zabihi E, Babaei A, Shahrampour D, Arab-Bafrani Z, Mirshahidi KS, Majidi HJ. Facile and rapid in-situ synthesis of chitosan-ZnO nano-hybrids applicable in medical purposes; a novel combination of biomineralization, ultrasound, and bio-safe morphology-conducting agent. Int J Bio. Macromol. 2019 (131): 107-116.
7.Alavi-Tabari SA, Khalilzadeh MA, Karimi-Maleh H. Simultaneous determination of doxorubicin and dasatinib as two breast anticancer drugs uses an amplified sensor with ionic liquid and ZnO nanoparticle. Journal of electroanalytical chemistry. 2018(811): 84-88.
8.Einafshar E, Haghighi Asl A, Malekzadeh A. Synthesis of new biodegradable nanocarriers for SN38 delivery and synergistic phototherapy. Nanomed J. 2018; 5(4): 210-216.
9.Mohamadian F, Eftekhar L, Haghighi Bardineh Y. Applying GMDH artificial neural network to predict dynamic viscosity of an antimicrobial nanofluid. Nanomed J. 2018; 5(4): 217-221.
10.Shetti NP, Bukkitgar SD, Reddy KR, Reddy CV, Aminabhavi TM. ZnO-based nanostructured electrodes for electrochemical sensors and biosensors in biomedical applications. Biosens Bioelectron. 2019; 141: 111417.
11.Es-haghi A, Javadi F, Yazdi MET, Amiri MS. The Expression of Antioxidant Genes and Cytotoxicity of Biosynthesized Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Against Hepatic Carcinoma Cell Line. Avicenna J Med. Biochem. 2019; 7(1): 16-20.
12.Javadi F, Yazdi MET, Baghani M, Es-haghi A. Biosynthesis, characterization of cerium oxide nanoparticles using Ceratonia siliqua and evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities. Mater Res Express. 2019; 6(6): 065408.
13.Zhu L, Zeng W. Room-temperature gas sensing of ZnO-based gas sensor: A review. Sensor Actuat A-Phys. 2017; 267: 242-261.
14.Ani I, Akpan U, Olutoye M, Hameed B. Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in petroleum refinery wastewater by TiO2-and ZnO-based photocatalysts: recent development J Clean Prod. 2018; 205: 930-954.
15.Jiang J, Pi J, Cai J. The advancing of zinc oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2018; 2018.
16.Sharifan H, Moore J, Ma X. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles elevated iron and copper contents and mitigated the bioavailability of lead and cadmium in different leafy greens. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2020; 191: 110177.
17.Yazdi MET, Khara J, Husaindokht MR, Reza H, Sadeghnia SEB, Amiri MS. Biocomponents and antioxidant activity of Ribes khorasanicum. IJBMS. 2018; 3(3): 99-103.
18.Yazdi T, Ehsan M, Housaindokht MR, Sadeghnia HR, Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi S, Amiri MS. Assessment of phytochemical components and antioxidant activity of Rheum turkestanicum Janisch. Studies in Medical Sciences. 2020; 31(2): 75-81.
19.Rahnama M, Johnson R, Voisey C, Simpson W, Fleetwood D. The global regulatory protein VelA Is required for symbiosis between the endophytic fungus Epichloë festucae and Lolium perenne. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2018; 31(6): 591-604.
20.Darroudi M, Yazdi MET, Amiri MS. Plant-Mediated Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles. 21st Century Nanoscience–A Handbook: CRC Press; 2020. p. 1-18.
21.Yazdi MET, Amiri MS, Hosseini HA, Oskuee RK, Mosawee H, Pakravanan K, et al. Plant-based synthesis of silver nanoparticles in Handelia trichophylla and their biological activities. Bull Mater Sci. 2019; 42(4): 155.
22.Rai M, Yadav A. Plants as potential synthesiser of precious metal nanoparticles: progress and prospects. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2013; 7(3): 117-124.
23.Saad AM, Abukhadra MR, Ahmed SA-K, Elzanaty AM, Mady AH, Betiha MA, et al. Photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye using chitosan supported ZnO and Ce–ZnO nano-flowers under visible light. J Environ Manage. 2020; 258: 110043.
24.Liu X, Li X, Liu X, He S, Jin J, Meng H. Green preparation of Ag-ZnO-rGO nanoparticles for efficient adsorption and photodegradation activity. Colloid Surface A. 2020; 584: 124011.
25.Chauhan AK, Kataria N, Garg V. Green fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles using Eucalyptus spp. leaves extract and their application in wastewater remediation. Chemosphere. 2020; 247: 125803.
26.Modarres M, Bahabadi SE, Yazdi MET. Enhanced production of phenolic acids in cell suspension culture of Salvia leriifolia Benth. using growth regulators and sucrose. Cytotechnology. 2018:1-10.
27.Aseyd Nezhad S, Es‐haghi A, Tabrizi MH. Green synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticle using Origanum majorana L. leaf extract, its characterization and biological activities. Appl Organomet Chem. 2020; 34(2): e5314.
28.Noohpisheh Z, Amiri H, Farhadi S, Mohammadi-gholami A. Green synthesis of Ag-ZnO nanocomposites using Trigonella foenum-graecum leaf extract and their antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and photocatalytic properties. Spectrochim Acta A. 2020: 118595.
29.Selim YA, Azb MA, Ragab I, Abd El-Azim MH. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Extract of Deverra tortuosa and their Cytotoxic Activities. Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1): 1-9.
30.Fahimmunisha BA, Ishwarya R, AlSalhi MS, Devanesan S, Govindarajan M, Vaseeharan B. Green fabrication, characterization and antibacterial potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Aloe socotrina leaf extract: A novel drug delivery approach. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2020;55:101465.
31.Ahmad H, Venugopal K, Rajagopal K, De Britto S, Nandini B, Pushpalatha HG. Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Eucalyptus globules and their fungicidal ability against pathogenic fungi of apple orchards. Biomolecules. 2020; 10(3): 425.
32.Dhandapani KV, Anbumani D, Gandhi AD, Annamalai P, Muthuvenkatachalam BS, Kavitha P. Green route for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Melia azedarach leaf extract and evaluation of their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2020; 24: 101517.
33.Goldar S, Khaniani MS, Derakhshan SM, Baradaran B. Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and roles in cancer development and treatment. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015; 16(6): 2129-2144.
34.Marsden VS, Strasser A. Control of apoptosis in the immune system: Bcl-2, BH3-only proteins and more. Annu Rev Immunol. 2003; 21(1): 71-105.
35.Hipfner DR, Cohen SM. Connecting proliferation and apoptosis in development and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2004; 5(10): 805-815.
36.Favaloro B, Allocati N, Graziano V, Di Ilio C, De Laurenzi V. Role of apoptosis in disease. Aging (Albany NY). 2012 ;4(5): 330.
37.Behl C. Apoptosis and Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neural Transm. 2000; 107(11): 1325-1344.
38.Król A, Pomastowski P, Rafińska K, Railean-Plugaru V, Buszewski B. Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, antiseptic activity and toxicity mechanism. Adv Colloid Interfac. 2017; 249: 37-52.
39.Bank HL. Rapid assessment of islet viability with acridine orange and propidium iodide. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol. 1988; 24(4): 266-273.
40.Oancea M, Mazumder S, Crosby ME, Almasan A. Apoptosis assays. Cardiovascular Disease: Springer; 2006. p. 279-290.
41.Crowley LC, Marfell BJ, Waterhouse NJ. Analyzing cell death by nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc. 2016;2016(9):pdb. prot087205.
42.Dive C, Gregory CD, Phipps DJ, Evans DL, Milner AE, Wyllie AH. Analysis and discrimination of necrosis and apoptosis (programmed cell death) by multiparameter flow cytometry. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research. 1992; 1133(3): 275-285.
43.Burz C, Berindan-Neagoe I, Balacescu O, Irimie A. Apoptosis in cancer: key molecular signaling pathways and therapy targets. Acta Oncol. 2009; 48(6): 811-821.
44.Plati J, Bucur O, Khosravi-Far R. Apoptotic cell signaling in cancer progression and therapy. Integr Biol. 2011; 3(4): 279-296.
45.Deng X, Luan Q, Chen W, Wang Y, Wu M, Zhang H. Nanosized zinc oxide particles induce neural stem cell apoptosis. Nanotechnology. 2009; 20(11): 115101.
46.De Berardis B, Civitelli G, Condello M, Lista P, Pozzi R, Arancia G. Exposure to ZnO nanoparticles induces oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in human colon carcinoma cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2010; 246(3): 116-127.
47.Saud Alarifi DA, Alkahtani S, Verma A, Ahamed M, Ahmed M, Alhadlaq HA. Induction of oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis in a malignant human skin melanoma cell line after exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine. 2013; 8: 983.
48.Wang C, Hu X, Gao Y, Ji Y. ZnO nanoparticles treatment induces apoptosis by increasing intracellular ROS levels in LTEP-a-2 cells. Biomed Res Int. 2015; 2015.
49.Wang C, Wang H, Lin M, Hu X. ZnO nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity on human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell line LTEP-a-2. Process Saf Environ Prot. 2015; 93: 265-273.
50.Guo D, Wu C, Jiang H, Li Q, Wang X, Chen B. Synergistic cytotoxic effect of different sized ZnO nanoparticles and daunorubicin against leukemia cancer cells under UV irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol. 2008; 93(3): 119-126.
51.Wilczewska AZ, Niemirowicz K, Markiewicz KH, Car H. Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Pharmacol Rep. 2012; 64(5): 1020-1037.
52.Albanese A, Tang PS, Chan WC. The effect of nanoparticle size, shape, and surface chemistry on biological systems. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2012; 14: 1-16.
53.Yao J, Yang M, Duan Y. Chemistry, biology, and medicine of fluorescent nanomaterials and related systems: new insights into biosensing, bioimaging, genomics, diagnostics, and therapy. Chem Rev. 2014; 114(12): 6130-6178.